The following measures should be considered when attempting to achieve a pass for the Building CO2 Emission Rate (Criterion 1). Many of them will also benefit summer temperatures (Criterion 3). They are listed in rough order of importance.
Systems
Substantial reductions in building emission rate can be achieved by improving HVAC efficiency. The UK NCM System Data Wizard provides options for changing a range of system settings and parameters. For systems that are not covered there, it is permissible to enter appropriate parameters in the Apache System dialogue, provided they can be justified on the basis of manufacturers’ data.
Fuel choice has a major effect on carbon emissions.
Specific fan power (SFP) is a parameter that has a significant effect on system performance. The Non-Domestic Heating, Cooling and Ventilation Compliance
Guide defines requirements for a number of features including SFP. These are potentially onerous requirements that need to be taken into account from the start of projects. Designers need to be careful to allow large enough plant and riser space to ensure that these requirements can be met. Note that default values for SFP in the UK NCM System Data Wizard (which mirror those in iSBEM) tend to be somewhat high, often exceeding the Criterion 2 requirement. These therefore need to be edited.
The ‘System adjustment’ and ‘Control corrections’ options in the wizard produce worthwhile improvements in performance.
DHW systems should be examined for efficiency opportunities.
Lighting
Efficient lighting and lighting controls offer substantial potential for bringing down emission rates and moderating summer temperatures. Any saving in lighting consumption has a double benefit, directly reducing electrical load and by reducing room gains having a favourable effect on summertime cooling loads and temperatures.
Glazing
Reducing glazing area, introducing shading and optimising glazing type may all improve the building’s performance. The implications for natural lighting, should, however be borne in mind.
Ventilation
Since infiltration is reduced to low levels by Criterion 2, and minimum ventilation levels are laid down by the room activities, the main opportunity for using ventilation control to reduce carbon emissions and summer temperatures is free cooling.
Night-time ventilation (which should be implemented using natural ventilation air exchanges) can significantly reduce summer temperatures in naturally ventilated buildings.
It is possible to use both MacroFlo and ApacheHVAC in compliance simulations. However, the inputs to both these programs need to be set with care in order to ensure that the ventilation levels and schedules specified for the room activities are accurately reproduced. In both cases profiles will need to match that of the NCM usage schedules, which means that special models will need to be created for the compliance simulations.DHW demand (changing areas)
The NCM templates for DHW usage have been found to be high for some activities, particularly changing areas in sports centres and schools. The DHW usage can be changed by altering the designation of activity areas, but this would need to be agreed in advance with Building Control.
Adjustments for management features
The settings entered in this box on the Building & System Data ‘Building & System Performance’ tab produce useful reductions in the Building Emission Rate (BER).
Constructions
Improving U-values will tend to reduce heating, but may increase cooling demand in air-conditioned buildings. Increasing the solar performance of the glass by reducing the solar gains into the building can reduce cooling requirement, but may also increase heating demand.
To assess which option (U-value or solar performance) will have the greatest effect, perform a test run on the actual building and look for the dominant load. Buildings with high internal gains and large areas of glazing will almost certainly be cooling dominated.
Increasing the thermal mass of the building, for example using exposed ceiling slabs, will tend to reduce cooling demand and moderate summer temperatures.
Infiltration
The air permeability of the building envelope has to conform to the standard set by Criterion 2, namely a permeability of 10 m3/hr/m2 at 50 Pa. Guidance in CIBSE TM23 indicates that this permeability typically gives rise to an air infiltration rate of about 0.167 ach. An improved permeability can be assumed to produce an improved infiltration rate in proportion.
Note that while reducing infiltration rates will tend to lower heating energy, it may increase cooling energy by reducing the building’s ability to dispose of internal heat gains.
Appendix A. Calculation of BER and TER
This appendix sets out the calculation of the emission rates BER and TER used in the Part L2 (2006) Criterion 1 compliance test.
The CO2 variables used in the calculation can be viewed in Vista:
Cse = total System elec. CE
Cst = total Total system CE
Clt = total Total lights CE (assumed to be electrical)
Note that carbon emissions associated with Equipment energy consumption are not taken into account in the BER and TER calculations.
BER calculation
Electrical carbon emissions (Cse and Clt) are subject to adjustment factor Fe as follows (see L2A Table 3):
If power factor < 0.9, Fe = 1.0.
If 0.9 < power factor < 0.95, Fe = 1 - 0.01 = 0.99.
If power factor > 0.95, Fe = 1 - 0.025 = 0.975.
Lighting energy consumption is adjusted with factor F1 as follows:
If there is metering and warning of out-of-range values, Fl = 0.95, otherwise Fl=1.0.
Applying these factors the revised carbon emission figure to be carried forward to the BER calculation is
BER = Cst - (1-Fe)´Cse + Fe´Fl´Clt
TER calculation
Notional building carbon emissions rate,
NER = Cst + Clt
TER = NER * (1.0 – Improvement Factor) ´ (1.0 – LZC Factor)
where (L2A Table 1):
Improvement Factor is a function of system type weighted by floor area
LZC Factor = 0.1
NOTE: There Dwellings > 450 sqm should use the fuel factor and the fixed improvement factor of 0.2 as per the requirements of L1A. This change has been implemented in version 5.5.2.
